be startled by
英 /bi ˈstɑːtld baɪ/美 /bi ˈstɑːrtəld baɪ/
v. 动词短语
被...惊吓;因...而惊跳
含义详解
本义为“被…惊跳”,指因突然的、意外的刺激(如巨响、突现的事物)而产生瞬间的生理性惊跳反应,强调刺激的意外性和反应的短暂性。引申义为“被…震惊”,指因意外消息或事件而在心理上受到震动,程度比本义轻,但同样强调意外性。再引申为“被…惊住”,指因某种持续或强烈的刺激而处于惊讶状态,可能带有短暂失神或不知所措的意味。各义项均围绕“意外刺激”这一核心,从具体生理反应到抽象心理状态。
词根溯源
startle 源自古英语 steartlian,意为“踢、挣扎”,后演变为“惊跳”。前缀 be- 在此表示“使…”,故 be startled by 意为“被…使惊跳”。记忆时可联想“被(by)某个突然的动作(startle)惊到”。
常见语境
日常口语中常用,描述被吓到的瞬间,语气轻松。新闻报道中用于描述公众对突发事件的心理反应,语气客观。文学作品中出现频率高,用于刻画人物心理或营造氛围。学术写作中较少使用,但在心理学或生理学语境下可描述实验刺激反应。商务邮件中几乎不用,除非描述客户或同事的意外反应,但通常以更正式词汇替代。
语法要点
be startled by 是被动语态,主语为人或动物,by 后接刺激源。常见句型:主语 + be startled by + 名词/动名词。如:She was startled by the sudden noise. 易错点:介词 by 不可省略,不可误用为 at(虽然 startle at 存在,但 be startled at 更强调情绪而非动作)。此外,startle 是及物动词,主动形式为“X startles Y”。
同义词区别
与 be surprised by 相比,surprised 程度较轻,可含正面或中性意味;be startled by 强调惊吓,通常负面。be shocked by 程度更重,含强烈道德或情感冲击。be frightened by 更强调恐惧状态,而 be startled by 强调瞬间反应。be startled 常用于描述轻微但突然的惊动,如被声音吓到;be frightened 则用于描述持续恐惧。
常见误区
语域中性,口语和书面语均可。褒贬色彩:轻微负面,但非强烈贬义。常见误用:与 be surprised by 混淆,忽略“惊吓”色彩;或误用介词 at。注意 be startled by 后接具体刺激源,若后接 that 从句则少见,应改用 be startled to find that。
高频搭配
| be startled by a noise | 被噪音惊吓 |
| be startled by the news | 被消息震惊 |
| be startled by an unexpected visitor | 被不速之客惊到 |
| be startled by a sudden movement | 被突然的动作惊到 |
| be startled by the sound of thunder | 被雷声惊吓 |
| be startled by a loud bang | 被巨响惊吓 |
| be startled by the sight of something | 被看到的东西惊到 |
句子示例
| She was startled by the sudden knock on the door. | 她被突然的敲门声吓了一跳。 |
| The deer was startled by the approaching car and ran off. | 鹿被驶近的汽车惊到,跑开了。 |
| I was startled by the news of his resignation. | 他被辞职的消息让我吃了一惊。 |
| He was startled by her unexpected appearance. | 她的突然出现让他惊住了。 |
| The children were startled by the thunderclap. | 孩子们被雷声吓到了。 |
| She was startled to realize that she had been asleep for hours. | 她吃惊地意识到自己已经睡了几个小时。 |