preen
英 /priːn/美 /priːn/
v. 动词 / n. 名词
(鸟)用喙整理(羽毛);精心打扮;沾沾自喜
含义详解
本义指鸟类用喙梳理、清洁羽毛,以保持羽毛的整洁和防水性。引申义有二:一是人精心打扮自己,带有刻意修饰的意味;二是自满、自鸣得意,常与反身代词连用,如preen oneself on sth,表示因某事而沾沾自喜。从鸟类的生理行为到人的修饰行为,再到心理上的自负,语义由具体动作向抽象心理延伸。
词根溯源
词源不确定,可能源自古英语的prēon(别针),或与preen(修剪)有关。但更常见的说法是源自中古英语preinen,与古法语poroindre(涂抹油脂)有关,因为鸟类梳理羽毛时会分泌油脂。构词上无词根可拆,但可联想“preen”与“primp”(打扮)相似,帮助记忆。
常见语境
日常口语和文学作品中常见。日常口语中,preen可指人精心打扮,略带幽默或轻微贬义,如“He was preening himself in the mirror.”(他在镜前打扮自己)。文学作品中,常用来描写鸟类行为或人物的自满神态,如“The peacock preened its feathers.”(孔雀梳理羽毛)。新闻报道中偶尔出现,形容政客或名人自满,如“The CEO preened at the success of the merger.”(CEO对并购的成功洋洋得意)。学术写作中较少使用,除非涉及鸟类学。
语法要点
preen可作及物动词和不及物动词。及物时,宾语为羽毛或反身代词,如preen feathers或preen oneself。不及物时,不加宾语,如“The bird preened.”。常见句型:preen on/upon/over sth,表示因某事而自满,如“She preened on her promotion.”。易错点:preen oneself on/upon sth 是固定搭配,注意介词用on/upon,而非about。此外,preen不用于被动语态,如不能说“He was preened by his mother.”,而要说“He preened himself.”
同义词区别
preen与primp、prettify、groom等词近义。primp强调过分打扮,常指女性,如“She primped her hair.”。prettify指美化,带贬义,如“The developer prettified the old building.”。groom指梳理毛发或培训,如“groom a horse”或“groom an employee”。preen侧重于自我欣赏的自满,而groom更中性。在表达自满时,preen与gloat近义,但gloat更强调幸灾乐祸,如“He gloated over his rival's failure.”,而preen则是对自身成就的满足。
常见误区
preen属于中低语域,日常口语和文学作品中常用。在正式书面语中,若指鸟的梳理行为,可用groom或clean;若指自满,可用take pride in或be smug about。preen带有轻微贬义,尤其用于人时,暗含虚荣或自恋。常见误用:将preen与prune(修剪)混淆,或错误地使用介词,如说preen about,正确应为preen on/upon。
高频搭配
| preen oneself | 打扮自己;自满 |
| preen feathers | 梳理羽毛 |
| preen on/upon | 因...而自满 |
| preen in front of the mirror | 在镜子前打扮 |
| preen with pride | 骄傲地自满 |
| preen oneself on | 为自己...而得意 |
句子示例
| The pigeon preened its feathers on the windowsill. | 鸽子在窗台上梳理羽毛。 |
| He spent ten minutes preening himself in front of the mirror before the date. | 约会前,他在镜子前花了十分钟精心打扮。 |
| She preened on her perfect exam scores, which annoyed her classmates. | 她为自己完美的考试成绩沾沾自喜,这让同学们很恼火。 |
| The politician preened before the cameras, enjoying the attention. | 这位政客在镜头前洋洋得意,享受着关注。 |
| After winning the award, he preened for the rest of the evening. | 获奖后,他整个晚上都自鸣得意。 |