hesitate
英 /ˈhɛzɪteɪt/美 /ˈhɛzɪteɪt/
v. 动词
犹豫;踌躇;不情愿
含义详解
本义指在行动或决定前因疑虑或不确定而暂停、拖延。引申为因不情愿或礼貌而迟疑,如 hesitate to ask(不好意思问)。再引申为说话时的停顿或结巴,如 hesitate in speech(说话吞吞吐吐)。核心是“悬而未决”的状态,强调内心的犹豫导致外部行动的迟缓。
词根溯源
源自拉丁语 haesitare,是 haerere(粘着、附着)的反复动词,本义是“紧紧粘住”,后引申为“犹豫不决”之意。构词上,hesit-(粘着)+ -ate(动词后缀)。记忆时可联想“被粘住无法前进”,即犹豫不决。
常见语境
在日常口语中,hesitate 常表示因不确定而短暂停顿,如 He hesitated before answering. 在正式语境如商务或学术写作中,常用于说明决策过程中的谨慎,如 Companies hesitate to invest in unstable markets. 在新闻报道中,常描述政治或经济主体因风险而迟疑,如 The government hesitated to impose sanctions. 在文学作品中,可描写人物内心矛盾,如 She hesitated at the door, torn between fear and curiosity. 在法律文本中较少直接使用,但可描述证人的迟疑。
语法要点
hesitate 通常为不及物动词,后接不定式或介词短语。常见句型:hesitate to do sth.(犹豫做某事),hesitate about/over sth.(对某事犹豫),hesitate before doing sth.(做某事之前犹豫)。不用于进行时(*is hesitating to go 少见,但可表示动作持续)。注意不要与 hesitant(形容词)混淆,如 He was hesitant to speak. 易错点:误用为及物动词(*hesitate it),或后接 that 从句(*hesitate that...),应使用 hesitate to say that...。
同义词区别
hesitate 强调因不确定或疑虑而暂停;waver 强调在选项间摇摆不定,可能多次反复;falter 强调因恐惧或信心不足而行动不稳,常指声音或步伐;vacillate 指在意见或行动间频繁变动,略带贬义;pause 仅表示短暂停止,无情感色彩。例如:He hesitated before signing the contract.(因疑虑而暂停);She wavered between two offers.(在两者间摇摆);His voice faltered as he admitted his mistake.(声音颤抖);The committee vacillated on the policy for months.(反复不定);She paused to catch her breath.(单纯停顿)。
常见误区
hesitate 为中性词,但在否定结构中常表示“毫不犹豫”,如 don't hesitate to contact me(尽管联系我),语气礼貌。在肯定句中,若描述负面行为,可能暗示胆怯或优柔寡断,如 He hesitated to defend his friend. 常见误用:与 hesitant 混淆,hesitate 是动词,hesitant 是形容词;或将 hesitate to do 误用为 hesitate doing(后者较少见,且不标准)。在正式写作中,避免过度使用,可用 be reluctant、be indecisive 等替代。
高频搭配
| hesitate to do | 犹豫做某事 |
| hesitate about/over | 对…犹豫不决 |
| hesitate before doing | 在做…之前犹豫 |
| don't hesitate to | 尽管…,别犹豫 |
| hesitate in speech | 说话吞吞吐吐 |
| hesitate for a moment | 犹豫片刻 |
| hesitate at the door | 在门口踌躇 |
句子示例
| If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask. | 如有任何问题,请尽管提问。 |
| He hesitated before telling her the truth. | 他在告诉她真相之前犹豫了一下。 |
| She hesitated to accept the job offer because of the long commute. | 由于通勤时间太长,她对接受这份工作犹豫不决。 |
| The speaker hesitated, searching for the right word. | 演讲者停顿了一下,寻找合适的词语。 |
| Don't hesitate to contact us if you need further assistance. | 如需进一步帮助,请尽管联系我们。 |
| They hesitated over whether to invest in the risky project. | 他们对是否投资这个高风险项目犹豫不决。 |